At least 40 people died in Sunday's collision in southern Spain, the worst crash the country has seen in more than a decade.
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Sanchez also promised to get to the bottom of why the two high-speed trains collided in southern Spain, as rescuers continue to search the wreckage.
More than 120 more people were injured as carriages on a Madrid-bound train derailed and crossed over to the opposite tracks, colliding with an oncoming train in Adamuz on Sunday evening.
The crash is the worst the country has seen in more than a decade.
Rail network operator Adif said the collision happened at 19:45 local time (18:45 GMT) on Sunday, about an hour after one of the trains left Málaga heading north to Madrid, when it derailed on a straight stretch of track near the city of Córdoba.
The force of the crash pushed the carriages of the second train into an embankment, according to Transport Minister Óscar Puente. He added that most of those killed and injured were in the front carriages of the second train, which was travelling south from Madrid to Huelva.
Rescue teams said the twisted wreckage of the trains made it difficult to recover people trapped inside the carriages.
Sanchez visited the site of the crash with senior officials on Monday afternoon.
"This is a day of sorrow for all of Spain, for our entire country," he told reporters.
"We are going to get to the truth, we are going to find the answer, and when that answer about the origin and cause of this tragedy is known, as it could not be otherwise, with absolute transparency and absolute clarity, we will make it public."
Puente said an investigation could take at least a month, describing the incident as "extremely strange".
But Reuters news agency quoted an unnamed source briefed on initial investigations as saying experts had found a faulty joint on the rails, which was causing a gap between rail sections to widen as trains travelled over it. They added that the joint was key to identifying the cause of the accident.
Spa